It’s the economy stupid!

The state of a countries economy is one of the main headline topics in the news these days and it is judged by whether the economy is doing well by growth and stability and its very much a numbers game.  Economic growth refers to an increase in the size of a country’s economy over a period of time. The size of an economy is typically measured by the total production of goods and services in the economy, which is called gross domestic product (GDP). Economic stability definition is a term used to describe the financial system of a nation that displays only minor fluctuations in output growth and exhibits a consistently low inflation rate.

GDP in a country is usually calculated by the national statistical agency, which compiles the information from a large number of sources. In making the calculations, however, most countries follow established international standards. These types of financial measurement are seen and believed to be accurate.

Bigger question to ask might be what’s the point in these stats? How does a growing or stable economy effect our lives? Well in basic terms a growing and stable economy increases an individual living within that economy of having a job and prosperous opportunities to live and have a future.

So what are the strengths & weaknesses to this model and to an economy within this model. Strengths are the measurement are generally accurate and can be updated and corrected if and when needed, when the sums add up a country can be confident that it is doing something right.

Weaknesses of this model relies on growth of an economy as a sign of health and productive economy although a sustainable and environmentally non-destructive economy that provides value to its citizens and environment whilst not necessarily increasing profitability on a spreadsheet can still add tremendous value to its citizens and also enhance the environment of the country and people within that society but this is more difficult to measure on a spreadsheet but invaluable over time. A damaged and dying ecosystem can still be tremendously profitable up to a typing point where then the damage might be so catastrophic that the land or sea has no value or profit to it at all.

Adoption of circular economy principles can help in reducing the negative impact on natural resources as well as damage to our climate.

Imagine a world where our Earth’s vital ecosystems are legally protected from the severest harms

“Ecocide” means unlawful or wanton acts committed with knowledge that there is a substantial likelihood of severe and either widespread or long-term damage to the environment being caused by those acts.

What is considered ecocide?

Ecocide is committing any unlawful or detrimental act that one is well-aware will cause severe, irreversible long-term damage to the environment. Ecocide has a negative human impact on the environment by causing mass destruction to our delicate ecosystems that are imperative to sustain all types of life on Earth.

This has been a challenging start to the year and although President Trump is what I will most likely write about and his actions and inactions, have mostly been far from my mind. My lovely father has been incredibly unwell and it is serious, but the light and joy I get from him at this time gives me a shield of warmth and love in which to take on and cope with this world of ours.

President Trump just merely picks up a document and has to sign it into law in order to turn from reason to madness. He ordered the US to leave the World Health Organisation sighting mismanagement and poor decision making for this quick cash crab for America on a most important humanitarian organisation. This organisation does a great deal to internationally keep diseases from peoples doors and to withdraw money from it for administrative reasons is self inflicted wound on the world and utter madness. Though on the other side of a coin it will save people in the USA money and so means you have to pay less taxes – there will be a lot of this important activity stopping in order to save money, taking place over the next four years and no matter how much money you save and how much your stocks, shares and crypto currencies increase the world will be in a far worse place for these cash grabs by the Trump administration.

To live a love of money is that what the profits said?

Those whom are inadvertently or directly affected by Trump’s cash grab in the name of freedom (freedom from what, I don’t know anymore, as to free someone of a financial tax also enslaves and potential condemning others to death that would have benefit from the live saving healthcare and planning provided by the WHO).

Ca$hing in on the act!

 True there is never enough money to provide for the greed of this world it looks like Trump has chosen to take a rain check on America’s commitment and responsibilities to the needs of this world and itself – I wish someone could tell me how this makes America great again.

Back to my own perspective of humanity and how people should, could and do treat each other – at this challenging time for my family I have uttermost respect and goodwill for those that at this difficult time have shown me random acts of kindness, support and love –it really does mean the world to me and gives me strength to carry on, survive and hopefully thrive.

I hope that those forced into difficulty directly due to Donald Trump’s money saving and spending antics, wickedness and cruelty also happen to meet people along their way in their life that are able to offer compassion, comfort and warmth as well as the strength to carry on, survive and hopefully thrive along there way.

For what we are about to receive may the Lord make us truly thankful!

When your the chosen one put on this planet by your American Christian God and then voted into office on his second time round by about 51% of the voting US electorate. Is this a huge vote against the global consensus on what is needed for the environment?

The US now has Trump in charge of deciding what happens in the court of humanity on the future of the climate of this world, a supreme court judge for an issue he has no time for and frankly does not understand and who’s interest it serves, to not care or understand anything about protecting or preserving anything to do with it either.

In reality the policy is one of seeing the environment as a mere stock or commodity to be treated like everything else as something to be bought and sold on an alter of American capitalism and exploitation. Not engaging with the attempt to protect or preserve but to be bought or sold merely for profit.

What he does will be no accident or miscalculation. He can now act as judge and jury on the future fate of this planet, by making a conscious choice to destroy past international treaties with the environment being relegated to a mere commercial product and play thing for a few dollars more a capitalist’s wet dream on the alter of Christian capitalism, but at what cost to us all?

It’s just like playing a game and rolling dice with the globe, a game that can be lost as well as won. Trump will now pick up a set of dice and roll them to see what happens next at the expense of the planet and its populations. One roll could result in no serious irreversible climate damage over the next four years while pumping out black gold from the seas and ground just to reduce the price of gasoline for consumers and make him and his buddies a lot of money.

Whereas on an alternative landing of the roll of the dice it could result in destroying recognised globally established environmental treaties, designed to save this planet and stave of irreversible global climate catastrophise. It could lead to us reaching one of many global tipping points that would result in global climate collapse in ecological systems on the planet and then to the death of us all or a serious reduction in humans ability to survive in spaces on this planet or degrade considerable this planets ability to sustain life as we know it.

While Trump might be banking on the unlikely outcome and too busy counting his profits in his bank accounts to think that the American nation is to big and powerful to be lost to a global issue and might not be affected. If he is wrong, we will all end up counting the cost and paying the price. Just when many US citizens shout out that their prayers have been answered and that their god is good capitalist Christian god and the heir to the thrown of power is Trump, who is now their president elect. I fear the god of this earth to whom I pray to on this planet has yet to give their answer back and will most likely have the last word on this matter of the climate.

We are all now left with no alternative at this moment in time, but to hope that climate scientists are wrong and have miscalculated with all the evidence presented to them that the climate is in peril and so to our ability to maintain life on this earth unless we change course and the fact that we are seeing 100 year likely storms on a yearly basis and are just about to brake another climate record for hottest global temperature on record this year is inconsequential.

We all have to hope, whether we like it or not that exploiting the climate, degrading the environment and the dismantling of globally agreed climate treaties has no irreversible consequences or a bare minimum negative effect to this world or just merely consequences that can be witnessed and then circumnavigated or reversed in some as yet unforeseen way to prevent climate collapse and irreversible habitat and species extinction. I would rather not leave the future of my home, species and plant to Trump and hope, but I was not at the ballot box when his name was put on the card.

Mr President-elect for what we are about to receive may the Lord make us truly thankful.

The Devil Went Down to Georgia by Charlie Daniels

Free Paul Watson

Oct. 2nd 2024, Nuuk, Greenland – In what is quickly becoming a test of judicial integrity and international solidarity, marine conservation legend Captain Paul Watson appeared for his fourth court hearing today in Nuuk, Greenland. Despite increasing global attention and pressure for his release, the prosecution has requested yet another extension of Watson’s detention until October 23, 2024.

“In our view, the criteria for extradition have been met according to the accusations in the Japanese arrest warrant. Therefore, there is no point in analysing any documents. The detention is extended by 3 weeks, until Wednesday, October 23rd.” stated Stig Norskov-Jensen, the Greenland Court Judge in his ruling today.

During today’s session, Watson’s legal team demanded that critical evidence proving his innocence be admitted into the proceedings. However, the court, aligning with the prosecutor’s position, refused to allow the defence’s evidence yet again.

Lawyer Jonas Christoffersen explained: “Paul Watson has been in custody for four months, without the Court of Greenland or the High Court of Greenland having given permission for Paul Watson to document in court what the case is about. In our opinion, it is against his human rights for a judge to assess the evidence and the basis for a remand.

The prosecution argued that Watson’s involvement in an anti-whaling operation, specifically his presence during Pete Bethune’s 2010 stink bomb action on a Japanese whaling vessel, was enough to justify the extradition request from Japan. They maintained that any evidence the defence presented was irrelevant under the circumstances.

Watson’s lawyer denounced the charges, stating that the legal actions against his client are wildly disproportionate, with the prosecutor asserting that a stink bomb attack constitutes an intentional assault on a ship, despite it being non-lethal. As the defence attempted to respond to this claim, the judge cut them off, disallowing any further discussion regarding the rejected evidence.

“The latest extension took place today, October 2, and we will now appeal to the High Court, and then we hope that the Supreme Court will put its foot down and state that anyone who is in remand – regardless of whether it is in an extradition case – has the right to have a judge see the key documents of the case and make a proper assessment of whether there is a basis for a detention.”  Stated Christofferson

In an emotional conclusion, Captain Watson stated: “This is my 73rd day in prison. I’ve missed my children’s birthdays, who just turned 3 and 8 years old. My accusers are criminals, and this isn’t just my opinion – it’s the judgment from the International Court of Justice and the Australian Federal Court. We’re talking about a bruise on someone’s cheek caused not by our stink bomb but by their own pepper spray. The Japanese rammed and split a ship in two, risking the lives of 6 crew members, whom we had to save” Concluding “I cannot believe that Denmark would extradite me to Japan – it would be my death sentence. Denmark respects human rights.”

Watson’s supporters worldwide are growing increasingly frustrated with what they see as a politically motivated attempt to silence a man who has spent more than 50 years protecting marine wildlife, particularly whales, from illegal poaching and exploitation. The Captain Paul Watson Foundation has called on international human rights organizations to intervene and ensure Watson is given a fair trial.

Rob Read, Chief Operating Officer (COO) for Paul Watson Foundation UK, who attended the hearing in Nuuk today stated: “Our main worry is that the Judge feels the extradition requirements have been met and Paul is at real risk of a life sentence in Japan leaving our oceans without their greatest protector”.

Watson, who was arrested on July 21st 2024 while refueling his ship in Nuuk, Greenland on his way to stop a Japanese factory whaling vessel from hunting endangered Fin Whales  (on a decades-old Interpol warrant issued by Japan), faces charges for allegedly injuring a crew member during a 2010 stink bomb incident in Antarctica, opposing illegal Japanese whaling. Yet, Watson and his defence team argue that the charges are a smokescreen designed to deter him and others from opposing Japan’s whaling activities.

Recent news has implicated Danish Authorities and Faroe Islands police in Watson’s arrest. A Parliamentary enquiry into the case by Watson’s lawyers revealed Faroese Police tracked Watson and alerted the Danish Justice Ministry of his movements, triggering Watson’s ambush in Greenland. Denmark’s stance on international whaling laws and conservation efforts is often scrutinized, especially in relation to Faroese whaling practices, which are defended as cultural heritage by some and condemned by others, particularly within the marine conservation community.

The Captain Paul Watson Foundation, in collaboration with other environmental groups, continues to demand Watson’s immediate release. They argue that his detention and potential extradition are politically motivated, serving as a warning to others who dare to challenge the whaling industry.

THE #FREEPAULWATSON PETITION

https://www.paulwatsonfoundation.org/paul-watsons-legal-team-demands-fair-trial-as-extradition-looms/


Open Letter for Whole Truth Five

Dear Attorney General, Richard Hermer KC,

This week has seen one of the greatest injustices in a British court in modern history. On Thursday 18th July, five people were given the highest sentences for nonviolent protest this country has ever seen. They were on trial for holding a zoom call, calling on others to take action to raise the alarm about the greatest threat humanity has ever faced: the climate and nature crises.

These sentences were handed down just days after the new government’s policy of no new licensing for oil and gas infrastructure was announced. In a world of sound, evidence-based governance, none of this needed to happen. With prisons at breaking point and the new government acting urgently to address this, how can these sentences be seen as anything other than insanity? The sentences, ranging from 4 to 5 years, are higher than those given to many who commit serious sexual assault. 

The defendants were denied the right to explain to a jury why they took the action they did, making a mockery of the right to a fair trial, with the judge saying that the Crown Prosecution’s agreed facts on climate collapse – including that the world has gone beyond 1.5 degrees for 12 consecutive months – were “neither here nor there”. These five brave, defiant people, like all nonviolent protestors, are fulfilling a necessary service by alerting the nation to the grave risk we all face, as scientists in their droves express their fear that many of the Earth’s systems are already at breaking point.

Immediately after the verdict, the UN’s special rapporteur on environmental defenders issued an extraordinary statement: “Today marks a dark day for peaceful environmental protest, the protection of environmental defenders and indeed anyone concerned with the exercise of their fundamental freedoms in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.” 

According to the Office for National Statistics, 74% of people in the UK want urgent action on the climate crisis. Until a couple of weeks ago that majority was blocked by a Prime Minister who used climate – an existential threat – as a wedge issue in an election he lost. This new government has inherited a suite of recent legislation that conflicts with International Human Rights Law, and has put everyone’s right to peaceful protest at risk. The new government can address this now, as they have with fossil fuel licensing.

The world stands at a crossroads and so does our democracy. We write in support of Chris Packham and Dale Vince’s request for an urgent meeting with you, to be recorded so it is transparent to the public, to discuss the jailing of truth tellers and their silencing in court.

Sincerely, and with love for all humanity,



Technological decluttering!

Or as hypno cat would put it “recycle your electricals”

Recycle Your Electricals: Hypnocat

Oh god don’t make me go back into that place, where the Amazon parcel cardboard lives along with the wrapping paper, old TV, computer screen, countless useless cables, plugs, installation CD’s (for things no longer even installed) and laptops dating back over 20 years – don’t make me go back there again. No, hypno cat, no! 

Ha Ha, it does not feel that bad though maybe it should! I am hopefully having a clear out towards the end of this month of some items all of which really do live in my flat rent free and everything. I’ve always tried to plan to recycle many of these items but I figure most are too old or broken to do anything useful with.

You can pay for the council to remove them or if valuable enough donate to a charity shop or if clapped out enough take to the nearest recycling centre. But you need a car to take them to the recycling centre which I don’t have! But I have asked a friend if he can hopefully assist me when I have some time off work and we should be able to sort most (hopefully as much as possible of it out then.

Prior to that day I need to try and do a bit of prep like seeing if the computers still switch on and if they do wipe their hard drives and google what else I might need to do to them, I also have a collection of mobile phone’s which a programme on BBC 1 called Antique Roadshow would be proud of not so much for how much they might be worth but for how old they are. I could free up quite a bit of cupboard and draw space if I can sort this lot all out this month.

I also have a bedroom with lots of no longer worn clothes and bedding that have not seen the light of day for a good few years, which I must also try and get sorted. Just thinking and typing how much stuff there is, is a little daunting, but I am counting on this being part of the process of sorting this stuff out.

I presently have a little Huawei P30 mobile phone, which has a matching tablet with it, for my day to day needs it works really well but the battery is not as good as it once was and sometimes I can’t get Wi-Fi for it, when other people are not having the same issues with their phone as me. One of the places where I can’t get mobile data or decent Wi-Fi is the office where I work, which is not great, I was all set to purchase a new Motorola phone this evening but resisted. I figure I have had my other phone for 4 years and it still works, so perhaps wait until I have had my recycling sort out of stuff at the end of the month and then perhaps treat myself to a new phone.

What’s that old phrase ‘if it’s not broken, nor stolen, still charges and takes updates don’t throw it away, well something like that!!!

Alas though some of this stuff has long passed its use by date and it’s just now a case of disposing of it responsibly and safely with Hypnocat!

It’s complicated              

Life has been busy and tiring for me since my Ireland holiday and also with the world in a continuous chaotic crisis, I sometimes just don’t want to type something in case the situation I’m typing about gets even more unstable than that it was when first put into words.

I just tried to shape a thought in my head which is why do people hate and fear refugees or asylum seekers so much, what exactly should we hate and fear them for? Why do they bother coming to a country like the USA or Britain to be hated and feared. why bother?

Well if the country that they lived in was at war or in some form of crisis resulting in no food or shelter, then some would run to the nearest refugee camp. But others not merely wanting to survive but thrive would seek a new life, not just for themselves but for their future generations and if the free world philosophy is to be believed then you would run to those countries that have freedoms for their citizens and a chance to thrive such as the USA or Britain. The USA did not become a great nation by turning people away and just looking after its own. It became a great nation by welcoming those from abroad not turning its back on them.

Admittedly there is not enough room or decent infrastructure within any country to welcome all of the immigrants that would choose to live within their new country of choice. But that does not in any way mean we must demonise people seeking a better life due to the hell of war, climate change and famine within the country they wish to escape from. We should be doing more to protect care for and humanise the living conditions of all people from all over the world. If the countries of the world do not collectively see other countries wars, climate change crisis and famines as there problems then sooner or later those starving and desperate people will turn up on your boarders trying to seek refuge and shelter.

It might be convenient then to blame them for the circumstances that led to the crisis that they finds them in, in your county but by trying to criminalise them or cart them off to an unsafe future is in no way solving the problems for them or clearing countries of their responsibility to other fellow  human beings.

There are many elections coming up in the UK and USA over the next 12 months which will have consequences upon not just you and your life but the lives of those whose very life or death might be in the hands of the politicians that you vote for as to whether they are given help or are hindered shown mercy or demonised so when you do vote, which of course you should really do, think about what and who you vote for and what and who the consequences are for from that vote.   

Read All About It, Pt. III by Emeli Sandé

When South West Water works or fails!

South West Water was formed in 1989 when the water industry in the United Kingdom was privatised. It is responsible for the supply of the region’s drinking water, the treatment and disposal of sewage, and the protection of inland and bathing waters. You would think something like water would be a great industry to be involved in, potentially profitable for those running it while also being a public good where customers benefit from clean water in the tap, in their rivers and at the beaches.

Sadly that is not the business model that exists and it make me think if a human capitalist organisation can fail to run something as simple and beneficial as the water that you drink then what other private companies also failing to run or do damage to our eco systems when operating. I know that to exploit an individual whether customer or employee is to produce profit, it therefore logical to assume that many organisations do inflict damage on the environment as a means of making money and generating profit.    

Pollution in the UK waterways is a major problem and at a time of increased global climate change and damage and degradation to eco systems, the pollution pumped into our local waterways by the water industries is continuing to cause damage and illness to living organisms.  

Earlier this year South West Water was given a £2.1m fine for pollution offences which is the largest ever fine imposed for environmental offences in Devon and Cornwall. Surfers Against Sewage (SAS) a marine conservation charity working with communities to protect oceans, waves, beaches and marine life. It was created in 1990 by a group of Cornish surfer’s. According to Surfers Against Sewage the issues causing the sewage pollution crisis are that the UK’s antiquated sewerage system is woefully inadequate. Water companies have failed to invest to protect the coastal and river environment. They instead rely on a network of around 18,000 licensed sewer overflows to routinely discharge raw sewage into rivers and the ocean. In 2021 alone sewage discharged into rivers and seas 370,000 times for a total of 2.7 million hours.

Polluters have simply been profiteering from polluting. Water companies have paid out an eyewatering £60 billion in dividends to shareholders over the last 30 years. And CEOs are often granted six figure pay packets every year. And to make things worse, the government are now allowing water companies to self monitor their environmental performance resulting in ever increasing abuses of the system. In 2021, Southern Water were fined £90 million for serial misreporting and the Environment Agency and Ofwat have launched the largest ever investigation of water company behaviour after water companies admitted they may have illegally released untreated sewage into rivers and waterways. The weak enforcement of existing regulation from consistently underfunded and under resourced environment agencies means there is no effective driver to ensure water companies change their behaviour.

And as if the stench of the sewage stink could not get any worse, the current water quality testing regimes designed to protect water users and the environment are set up to fail us. Evidence shows that we have a water quality testing regime that wilfully discounts and ignores the worst pollution events in the country and thus misleads the public about the safety of the waters.

South West Water PR gurus seem to be a million miles away from the reality above while pumping sewage into our water systems they are also pumping out press releases asking their customers to urge to conserve water and save the planet! If only SWW could take their own advice.

One thing about capitalist ventures that often fails an eco system or environment is that you cannot quantify the profitability or loss to an environment when you fail to look after it. There is no loss in earnings to having a failed ecosystem merely ever decreasing resources that you then pay more for. Regulations of a safe and sustainable system is not at the heart of how to run a profitable capitalist good or utility and yet effective regulation in a capitalist venture that ensures effective management, clean waters and the risk of having the ownership of the business taken away if the company is clearly failing to do the one thing it was created to do which is provide clean water. There is a huge risk with capitalist ventures that they merely risk putting into their calculations an amount of money put aside for paying for pollution breaches rather than using that money to prevent them in the first place. This does a disservice to the ecosystems that the water companies have been created to clean and protect and also demonstrates where capitalism is failing at the expense of our living environment.

The UK is littered with failed utilities and public goods from the 1980 and 90’s selloff and cull of public services we were peddled the view and principle that profits are good and ownership by the state bad. If these water companies were still run as a public owned utility what is happening today would be a political scandal but seeing as its a private company, the morality of the situation is just written off as a fat cat boss profiteering at the expense of its own customers and the environment, it’s what capitalists do so who really cares.  

The Waterboys – This is the Sea

In the heat of the moment

Philosophical questions from a non Christian, god fearing, eco thinking Christian values taught human. I am more fearful of the possibility of god not existing (which is a possibility of course), than I am of god existing and me not expressing my love, obeying him/her or showing my obedience in the correct and most appropriate way.

I try to do right by god or my fellow men and women, but I don’t truly know sometimes what is the right thing to do, what is a sin, is there even such a thing as a sin as opposed to simple doing right or wrong by god or other living creatures including how I treat other humans of course. I also make mistakes or deliberately do things wrong for my own personal reasons or again unaware of the consequences sometimes of what my actions will be.

So what’s got these thoughts rolling around in my head in such a metaphysical way tonight. Well in a kind of roundabout way, it’s what going on with global warming and environmental climate chaos and what is being done to prevent it and what I and others should do.

Ever since as long as I can remember from when I was a child, mainly starting in geography lessons, there has been an educated and scientific view concerning the fact that we are losing biodiversity and decrease in species across the globe year on year and also the fact that the world is heating up and that this is manmade and exceptionally dangerous.

Switching on the TV tonight on a number of channels and you hear that Asia has set the hottest land temperature in the world ever recorded (so far), Europe is going through its second heat wave this year and in the US excessive heat causes more weather-related deaths than hurricanes, flooding and tornadoes combined. Around the country, heat contributes to some 1,500 deaths annually, and advocates estimate about half of those people are homeless.

When I was young I hoped and almost expected that I and all of us were born in a special privileged time in the time of this planet, where a great deal of good things would, could and will happen. A global village awakened on a huge scale across the planet with the aim to help and support each other and create and express many great things and witness the dawn of a new age in which man, planet, god, life and spirit would be closer and more balanced and this would prove to be of great benefit to this world and the universe and not just for our generation but to assist and help future generations too. I don’t think I was just naïve to have such positive views but I was an optimist too.

But with a world that looks to being on the brink of being on fire that totally addicted to its own petrochemicals and false prophecies and the untrue promises of capitalism, where greed is good and might is right, still being taught and believed to be the only way to govern and control a populace and society on earth by governments across the globe. I fear we still have a lot to learn if we are to stop this madness that is killing us and all those around us (global warming and destruction of biodiversity). I don’t think we can technologically invent our way out of this problem and what kind of dystopian future would we have if we did tackle global warming and biodiversity depletion in just such a way anyway. Could we still win a war on climate change and lose a planet and or our own souls too?

I just know and feel that with a god/gods on our side we would be in a much better position to overcome this mess, with a clear and possibly even potentially ordained by the great sprit or god direction to a potential for life and sprit, but without said god or spirit then we are mere children walking towards an unknown and untold future in the dark risking turning or walking in the wrong direction too where there might be no coming back from e.g. extinction and death.

Such a chance to some to have no god or greater spirit is empowering and to others it is a scary thought and place. I do believe in God but I am very much sitting on the fence when it comes to if there is no god or greater spirit whether that would be good or bad for humankind.

The Fire by Rosie Eade

Creatures of a rewilded earth – Buffalo

American bison

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The American bison or simply bison (Bison bison), also commonly known as the American buffalo or simply buffalo, is an American species of bison that once roamed North America in vast herds. Its historical range, by 9000 BCE, is described as the great bison belt, a tract of rich grassland that ran from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico, east to the Atlantic Seaboard (nearly to the Atlantic tidewater in some areas) as far north as New York and south to Georgia and, according to some sources, down to Florida, with sightings in North Carolina near Buffalo Ford on the Catawba River as late as 1750.[2][3][4] It nearly became extinct by a combination of commercial hunting and slaughter in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from domestic cattle. With a population in excess of 60 million in the late 18th century, the species was down to 541 animals by 1889. Recovery efforts expanded in the mid-20th century, with a resurgence to roughly 31,000[5] animals today, largely restricted to a few national parks and reserves. Through multiple reintroductions, the species is now also freely roaming wild in some regions in Yakutia as well as Mexico.

Song – Buffalo by The Phoenix Foundation